Hernias are a common but treatable condition. A hernia is a medical condition that occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Although hernias can happen anywhere in the body, they most commonly appear in the abdomen, groin or upper thigh.
“There are several types of hernias, each affecting different areas of the body,” said Dr. Stephen Pacifico, surgeon at Blount Memorial Physicians Group – General Surgery. Inguinal hernias are the most common and occur when a portion of the intestine or bladder protrudes through the abdominal wall or into the inguinal canal in the groin, being more prevalent in men. Hiatal hernias occur when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Umbilical hernias are common in newborns and occur when part of the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall near the belly button. Incisional hernias can develop after abdominal surgery when the intestine pushes through the incision site or the surrounding weak tissue. Femoral hernias, more common in women, occur when the intestine enters the canal carrying the femoral artery into the upper thigh.
Hernias can develop due to a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Common causes and risk factors include heavy lifting, chronic coughing, obesity, pregnancy, constipation, and previous surgeries. “The symptoms of a hernia can vary depending on its type and severity. Common signs include a noticeable lump or bulge in the affected area, which may become more apparent when standing, coughing or straining. Pain, aching, or discomfort at the site of the hernia - especially when lifting, bending, or coughing - also can be indicative of a hernia,” Pacifico explained. A burning or gurgling sensation in the affected area is another symptom. In severe cases, such as a strangulated hernia where the blood supply is cut off, nausea, vomiting and intense pain can occur, necessitating immediate medical attention.
Treatment for hernias depends on the type, size and severity of the condition. Some hernias can be managed with watchful waiting, where a doctor monitors the condition if it is small and not causing symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy lifting and treating constipation, can help manage hernias. “Surgery often is necessary to repair the hernia, especially if it is large or causing pain,” said Pacifico. Open surgery involves making an incision near the hernia, pushing the protruding tissue back into place, and strengthening the weakened area with stitches or mesh. “Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive technique using small incisions and a camera to guide the repair, often resulting in quicker recovery times and less postoperative pain,” Pacifico added.
While not all hernias can be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk. Using proper lifting techniques, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and strengthening abdominal muscles through regular exercise all can help support and strengthen the abdominal wall.
